Any lessons for Canadian activists in this coalition-led mass mobilization of Americans?
No 716 Posted by fw, April 11, 2013
“Today’s White House protest marks the beginning of a mobilization of Americans nationwide. Tomorrow, Americans will follow up today’s petition delivery with a Congressional Call-In day telling members to oppose the chained CPI. Citizens will call the National Committee’s toll-free legislative hotline to connect to their representatives on Capitol Hill in one easy call.”
Kudos to organizers of this nationwide campaign for recognizing that a petition alone – no matter how big – is not likely to cause Obama to rethink his proposal. The question is, will anything?
Moreover, can Canadian progressives learn anything from this coalition-led mass mobilization of Americans that can be used here against the Harper regime?
2.3 million Petitions Delivered to the White House today
With more than 2 million petition signatures in hand, Social Security advocates joined members of Congress at the White House today to protest President Obama’s plan to cut benefits for seniors, retired veterans and people with disabilities. National Committee to Preserve Social Security & Medicare (NCPSSM) President/CEO, Max Richtman, told the crowd middle-class and poor families should not bear the burden of reducing the deficit:
“Contrary to the political spin, America’s seniors know this chained CPI proposal isn’t a ‘tweak’ or an ‘adjustment.’ It’s not more accurate for seniors but it is designed to cut benefits and raise taxes, largely on the poor and middle class. Any politician in Washington who thinks they can slip these benefit cuts by millions of seniors, veterans, people with disabilities and their families unnoticed is in for the shock of their careers.”… Max Richtman, NCPSSM President/CEO
National Committee volunteer Antoinette Bobo, a 74-year-old retiree from Washington, D.C., also spoke out against the proposed cut at today’s event:
“President Obama needs to rethink his Chained CPI proposal because most seniors have no other way to survive except for Social Security and Medicare. And it’s not just about us, it’s about our children and grandchildren who are going to need the same protections that we have. We earned these benefits and we’re counting on them for the future.”
A group of Democratic members of Congress committed to protecting Social Security, including Senator Bernie Sanders (I-VT), told today’s White House protestors that President Obama is simply wrong to propose cutting already modest benefits to seniors, retired veterans and people with disabilities:
“We are not going to balance the budget on the backs of the elderly, disabled vets, the sick, women or children. When one out of four major profitable corporations pay nothing in federal income taxes we know how we can deal with deficit reduction in a way that is fair. The White House tells us they want to defend the middle class. Well if you really want to defend the middle class you don’t cut Social Security, and you don’t cut Medicare and you don’t cut benefits.”… Senator Bernie Sanders (I-VT)
Participants in today’s event included: The National Committee to Preserve Social Security and Medicare, Social Security Works, AFL-CIO, National Organization for Women, Campaign for America’s Future, Progressive Change Campaign Committee, Democracy for America, MoveOn and former Obama for America supporters and seniors who rely on Social Security.
Today’s White House protest marks the beginning of a mobilization of Americans nationwide. Tomorrow, Americans will follow up today’s petition delivery with a Congressional Call-In day telling members to oppose the chained CPI. Citizens will call the National Committee’s toll-free legislative hotline to connect to their representatives on Capitol Hill in one easy call. That number is: (800) 998-0180.
FAIR USE NOTICE: This blog, Citizen Action Monitor, may contain copyrighted material that may not have been specifically authorized by the copyright owner. I claim no ownership of such materials. Such material, published without profit, is made available for educational purposes, to advance understanding of human rights, democracy, scientific, moral, ethical, and social justice issues. It is published in accordance with the provisions of the 2004 Supreme Court of Canada ruling and its six principle criteria for evaluating fair dealing.
But there are many alternatives. Just don’t look to mainstream media for them
No 473 Posted by fw, May 10, 2012
“The finance sector has started a lot of think tanks, they’ve funded the research institutes, and they’ve bought control of the public media, so that they’ve been able to convince people that there really isn’t an alternative, and only talk about whether there is more austerity or chaos.” —Michael Hudson
According to economist Michael Hudson, from the Democratic Party to European “Socialists”, they manage crises in the interests of financial capitalism.
Watch today’s interview with Hudson on The Real News Network. My abridged transcript featuring added subheadings and links follows the 13:30-minute interview. To access the original program and complete transcript, click on the following linked title.
Introduction by Paul Jay, Senior Editor, The Real News Network — Headlines around the world greeted the election results in Greece and France as a rejection of austerity programs by the electors of those countries. Well, what can Americans learn from the results of these elections and from the crisis in the eurozone? Now joining us to talk about all of this is Michael Hudson. Michael is a former Wall Street financial analyst, and he’s a distinguished research professor of economics at the University of Missouri–Kansas City. He has a new book coming out soon called The Bubble and Beyond. So what should Americans take away from the European elections?
Once in power, Europe’s left-wing parties are selling out to financial backers
The same thing is happening in Europe that’s happening here. Left-wing parties, socialist parties, labor parties all say that they’re going to preserve the social contract, and as soon as they get into power, they sell out to their financial backers, they double-cross labor. The socialist party in Greece fell from 44 percent to 14 percent because the last party simply moved the most vicious anti-labor measures in Europe. Same thing in France now. Hollande of the French socialists, before the election, said he was going to beg, ask Europe, will you please not insist that we roll back our social programs. And just this morning he said, well, I asked and they said no. I’m afraid that in order to preserve Europe, in order to preserve the idea of a political harmony, we’re going to have to go ahead and impose more austerity on the people. I’m terribly sorry. But if you don’t like it, you can vote for another party in four years. But there’s going to be austerity, and we’re going to have to lower wages here, and there’s nothing to do. If you don’t lose our campaign contributors, the banks could lose, and we couldn’t have that, because if the banks lose, they say that that’s intolerable to them.
Why the sellout? Is it simply the case that the financial sector is too powerful for political leaders to defy?
The banks really have no power at all except the power to bribe, and in Europe—in South America, the power to assassinate, which they do quite frequently.All they can do is bribe.
In fact, banks have no economic power. What they do have is the power to bribe corrupt politicians who are in their (the banks’) pockets.
Remember, we had the same argument over here about three years ago, when Sheila Bair wanted to take over Citibank, and she said, look, we can foreclose on Citibank, we can close down all these big banks on Wall Street anytime. They’re insolvent. We can pay all the depositors. There’s no problem at all. If the government were to take over the banks, they can pay all the depositors. The only people who would lose would be the very wealthy, who have more money in the banks that are insured. Sheila Bair said the bank bondholders would suffer, the counterparties would suffer. The banks have no power at all. The problem is the corruption of the politicians, who are just demagogues pretending to oppose the banks while actually being in their pocket. The banks don’t have any [inaudible] power. They don’t have any economic power, except they can bribe politicians.
In fact, Governments have the power, not the banks! Bailouts of “banks too big to fail” proved that
The government became the major shareholder of the insolvent banks here, like Citibank and Bank of America. The same thing in Europe. If Europe banks caused the crisis, the governments can simply say, okay, we’re taking over the banks. Now we own them. Now that we own the banks, we’re going to write down the mortgages to the price that people can pay, which is [incomprehensible] We’re not going to pay other rich people. But financial reform and tax reform have to go together. And they’d say, we’re actually going to roll back all the tax cuts for the 1 percent, and we’re going to the begin taxing real estate again, we’re going to tax monopolies, we’re going to reintroduce progressive taxation just like we had for 30 years ago. If capitalism worked 30 years ago with higher taxation, with strong labor power, with a good property tax, and with affordable houses, it can work again. All of this is unnecessary.
Banks, politicians and the media have convinced people that there are no alternatives to austerity
Except if they can [inaudible] the banks and their politicians can convince people that there is no alternative. So that’s really the banks’ argument. The change over the last 30 years has been a drive by the finance sector to become more dominant steadily. So the finance sector has started a lot of think tanks, they’ve funded the research institutes, and they’ve bought control of the public media, so that they’ve been able to convince people that there really isn’t an alternative, and only talk about whether there is more austerity or chaos.
There are many alternatives. But the people won’t learn about them in the mainstream media, which is out to keep people entertained and ignorant
But, of course, the alternative to austerity isn’t chaos; its economic democracy, it’s progressive taxation, it’s taxing the rich, it’s writing down the debts. There are many alternatives. And what they’ve done is make sure that none of these alternatives get discussed in the public press or in the media. That’s why we’re on The Real News Network talking about it, not in The New York Times or the Fox media.
Welcome to the age of financial capitalism – increase the public debt load, raise debt service rates and voilà – an indentured 99%
So finance today is the means of conquering a country and getting what in the past took an army. Financial conquest is how you shift the taxes onto the population to pay the financial sector, how you load a population down with debt and make a population pay interest and amortization and penalties on debt service, you make a population pay for schooling instead of getting it free or a low price as used to be the case, you make a population take on a lifetime of debt in order to get a home that used to be affordable, you make the governments go into debt for the banks, so that in Europe governments can’t—don’t have a central bank to monetize their own deficits but actually have to borrow money from banks. You achieve—you essentially empty out an economy, and you take its economic surplus financially without an army, just by trying to promote what really is junk economics and junk politics, if the economics of Rubinomics in America under Clinton and Rubenomics in America under George Bush, and now with a vengeance under Obama—.
Come the 2012 election, backers of the Republicans are same as backers of Obama
I think the people who vote for Romney are the same people who voted in Europe for, essentially, throw the rascals out. When people are unhappy with an economic situation, they simply vote for the other party, whoever it is, and it’s a flip-flop back and forth. The Republicans very much want—the backers of the Republicans are the same backers who backed Obama. They’re the Wall Street people. They want Obama to come in for a second term and then really move against Social Security.
Compared to extreme right-wing Republicans, Obama looks reasonable. The choice is between ‘terrible’ and ‘bad’
Obama’s the only person—only a Democratic president can swing a Democratic Congress or Senate over to the right wing. So you need the Republicans to make—go so far on the right that Obama, who in the past would have been looked at as a right-winger or Republican, you need to make him look reasonable. And if you can push the crazies, as the Republicans are doing, then Obama seems less bad than the alternative. In fact, he gave a campaign speech a month ago, and he said, well, look at the alternative. I’m better. Isn’t that crazy choice, to have to choose between these two, between an absolute terrible alternative and just a bad alternative? That’s the choice we have. Yes, please, or yes, thank you, to a choice that—
Where’s the left in America and Europe?
Where is the left in America? Where is the left in Europe? Where is what used to be the left? I don’t see it anymore anywhere. Back in the 1950s, I used to go to socialist meetings, and people would say, why do the trade union people keep thinking they’re locked into the Democrats? And the answer is: well, that’s the two-party system. There isn’t really room for a third party here. And all the Republicans have to do is say, no, we’re worse, and it just scares people to actually vote for the Democrats. But people have been asking that question for 60 years, and nobody’s come up with a better answer since.
Hudson predicts that Americans have become so dispirited that “most” won’t vote this November
I think you need a third party or you need to break away from the Democratic Party for people like Dennis Kucinich or the more progressive people. You need what was called 50 years ago realignment. And that realignment that people saw even then was necessary hasn’t occurred, and it hasn’t occurred in Europe either. That’s why everybody is so frustrated. In France and Greece and everywhere else in Europe, they’re equally frustrated. There doesn’t seem to be any alternative. And that’s exactly what Mrs. Thatcher liked to say, there is no alternative. And it’s just amazing when there really are so many alternatives that people can be convinced that there aren’t and become so dispirited they just give up. So the fact is that most Americans are going to vote with their backsides. They’re just not going to vote this November.
RELATED POSTS
George Carlin’s prescient political shtick, “The American Dream”, playing out before our very eyes– “Forget the politicians. The politicians are put there to give you the idea that you have freedom of choice. You don’t. You have no choice. You have owners. They own you. They own everything. They own all the important land. They own and control corporations. They’ve long since bought and paid for the Senate, the Congress, the state houses, and city halls. They got the judges in their back pocket. And they own all the big media companies so they control just about all the news and information you get to hear. They got you by the balls.”
Fair Use Notice: This blog, Citizen Action Monitor, may contain copyrighted material that may not have been specifically authorized by the copyright owner. Such material, published without profit, is made available for educational purposes, to advance understanding of human rights, democracy, scientific, moral, ethical, and social justice issues. It is published in accordance with the provisions of the 2004 Supreme Court of Canada ruling and its six principle criteria for evaluating fair dealing.
Where are the stories about how life is going to get better? We’re in for years of discontent
No 418 Posted by fw, February 22, 2012
“What makes the headlines are, of course, the riots. What doesn’t make so many headlines is what is happening to real people… We are living in a time where the world has, in the last couple of years, erupted in a way that many people thought they would never see again since the 1960s… The underpinnings of this new global unrest are that…people are sick of seeing the rich get richer during a crisis.” —Paul Mason
The above passage is from a Democracy Now interview with Paul Mason, economics editor of BBC Newsnight. He has just returned from Greece. His latest book is called Why It’s Kicking Off Everywhere: The New Global Revolutions.
A 20:16-minute video of the interview is embedded below along with my abridged transcript featuring abundant sub-headings to facilitate browsing and selective reading of this lengthy post. Alternatively, to view the video and access the complete transcript on Democracy Now, click on the linked title.
(Note: all the following passages were spoken by Paul Mason unless otherwise noted)
Greece is beginning to look like a borderline developing world
What doesn’t make so many headlines is what is happening to real people. I was able to visit a clinic in the Piraeus port. It had been set up to deal with people who fall through the social security net, which is mainly undocumented migrants. So it was volunteer doctors and free healthcare and free food. That’s about as basic as it gets. In the last six months, they’ve been swamped by Greek citizens, because they—Greek citizens are falling through the safety net in a Europe that is supposed to be—well, what Americans think of it as quasi-socialist. It has a welfare state. And yet, we’re seeing those starving people and homeless people, huge numbers of drug addicts and homeless people on the streets. It looks and begins to look really almost borderline developing world, parts of Greece now.
Regardless of the bailout package just agreed to, Greece is on a sure path to default. It’s just a matter of when.
Well, look, you would like to believe that they could win, they could beat all odds and stay in the euro and avoid default. But up to now, every one of the failed bailout packages was signed off by the IMF and the E.U., and they all involved meeting, you know, the Greek problem with austerity. So you cut spending, you raise taxes, you impoverish people. Leave aside the minimum wage, wages in general are going to have to fall 15 to 20 percent to meet—in the private sector. This is no longer just a public sector thing. Now, I think, and most analysts think, that they are on a route to default and that the last week’s—or this week’s deal has basically been about ring-fencing the rest of the eurozone for if and when that happens. Having been there, I think it’s when.
When people are told “Your future is over”, there’s no way a stable government can emerge to do what it has just committed to do
And then there’s, on top of that, the whole question of political instability. You mentioned left-wing groups in your introduction. I think there’s a bit—in the mainstream media, there’s a bit of a “does not compute” going on. The combined vote, for the communists, Trotskyists and ecologists—so these are left-wing parties with hammer and sickle on their flags—is 43 percent right now in the polls. That dwarfs the equivalent of the GOP and the Democrats. And I think there’s an element of “We don’t want to see that.” But that is what you get when people are told, you know, “Your life is—your future is over.” There’s no way, I think, from any early election, that a stable government can emerge that can do this thing they have agreed to do.
This parliament will pass the measures but growing instability will ultimately defeat the plan
On the question of the parliament, I think, certainly, they’ll pass the measures. What’s happening, though, is the two parties—because these two parties are there from the last election three years ago, so they have a majority right now, even though their popularity is slumping. I think, as they pass them, more and more MPs are chipped off. And these two parties in power splitting is not great, if they then stand for elections, and their own members get to ask them, “Well, what are you going to do about this?” During an election, pressure goes on the mainstream parties as well as the ones at the extreme. And, of course, the right as well as the left is growing as a result of this crisis. And remember, this is a country that had a civil war between the right and left after World War II. So, I think that that’s that on that situation. I think it’s—they’re just not going to be able to make it work. The instability is going to bring down the plan. Or it’s 90 percent certain, in my mind, that the instability in Greece will just—you can’t push through this level of austerity with a weak government.
<START VIDEO CLIP OF MASON’S INTERVIEWS IN GREECE>
PAUL MASON: As the crisis deepens, the weakest and the poorest suffer, nowhere more so than those who are not supposed to be in Greece at all. This is Patras, the ferry port that links Greece to Western Europe. Right on the seafront, hundreds of illegal migrants live in this shattered factory. I am taken in by an activist from a local NGO. The migrants got here because government cutbacks have made the Greek border highly porous.
PAUL MASON — How easy is it to get into Greece?
WASSIM – How easy? It’s too easy.
PAUL MASON – It’s too easy?
WASSIM – Too easy.
PAUL MASON – Why?
WASSIM – Why? Because, you know, the borders are not closed; the borders are open.
PAUL MASON – They survive on charity. They receive no assistance at all from the Greek state. But as the economy has collapsed, so too has sympathy for the migrants.
WASSIM – You know, this is no Europe. Believe me. This no Europe.
PAUL MASON – It doesn’t feel like Europe?
WASSIM – No, no.
PAUL MASON – Why?
WASSIM – No, I used to live London. This no Europe. Believe me, this no look like Europe. The police can hit you. The people can swear you, for no reason. The people hit us like animal. What’s the life there?
PAUL MASON – <Turns to another man> This man, a graduate from Darfur, is headed for London. He can’t wait to see the back of Greece. How long have you been in this factory place?
ABDUL AZEEM – In the [abandoned] factory here, I have six months, and three months in the train there.
PAUL MASON – Yeah, you lived in the train.
ABDUL AZEEM – Yeah, before we came here, because the police forced us to leave the train. Then we came here in the abandoned factory. I have six months here.
PAUL MASON – Do you think the economic crisis has made the situation for migrants worse?
ABDUL AZEEM – Yes.
PAUL MASON – Why? Tell me.
ABDUL AZEEM – We are going to the market, so I think that—
PAUL MASON – They give you some food at the end.
ABDUL AZEEM – Some food, some—also there’s some money, you know.
PAUL MASON – And less. There’s less now.
ABDUL AZEEM – Yeah. Now the situation is changing, because of the economic crisis.
PAUL MASON: They drink from a pipe in the ground. Some have died from fires lit to keep warm. It’s shocking to see this in a continent that once prided itself on a social model. But the crisis has turned so much of Greece upside-down. For Greek youth, the situation too looks dire. Fifty percent of those under 24 are unemployed. And among them, the extremes of politics are growing.
In a bar run by one of the far-left groups, Mason meets the people who’ve got together to feed and clothe the migrants. None is actually a member of a left party; all intend to vote for one. And all have been participants in disorderly protests.
KATIA ZAGORITOU – There’s no future for us. Generally, there’s no future. We can’t dream. We can’t live. For us, this is a disaster.
PAUL MASON – But I’ve been hearing young Greek people say that to me for three years now. What do you do about it?
KATIA ZAGORITOU – We’re fighting. We’re trying to convince other people and to make them understand that all this crisis is a result of the capitalist system.
PAUL MASON – Do you seriously think there could be a left-wing government in Greece?
ANTONIS DIAMANTOPOULOS – I don’t think it’s going to be a nonviolent government from the left. It’s going to be a civil war.
PAUL MASON – The carpenter, the teacher, the engineer, the social worker—these are professional people. But the ideas they’re espousing have become commonplace. And what it’s about is work. There isn’t any.
EIRINI PAPADOPOULOU – If there’s no work, there is a revolution against the government.
<END CLIP>
There are similarities between what’s happening in the US, Southern Europe, North Africa
We are—you know, we are living in a time where the world has, in the last couple of years, erupted in a way that many people thought they would never see again since the 1960s. And I think the Greek events—I mean, Greece isn’t all riots. It’s Occupy camps. There you had one of the first ones, called the indignados camp, in their main square. In Europe, across southern Europe—you know, I think only me and Glenn Beck have been talking about this, in a way. I have seen the crossover, the potential crossover, from North Africa to southern Europe to the United States, and the similarities between what is happening. I take a more—a sort of more sort of standing above it standpoint than Glenn does.
We’re in the age of “graduates without a future”. There’s a lot to be angry about
But it’s—there are links. There are common factors. And the most important one, everywhere, is what you saw in that bar, what I call the graduate without a future. You find them on Tahrir Square. You find them in Syntagma Square, Greece. You’ll find them outside—you know, in Zuccotti Park, New York. Once the economic crisis switched off that narrative that things are going to get better, you’ll have a better life than your parents, I think people in the Middle East lost their fear, people in Europe and America have lost their apathy. And there’s a lot to be sort of angry about once you look at real life.
In his drive though the southwestern USA, Mason found American middle class people living in a homeless encampment in Albuquerque
In my book, I’ve—one of the chapters in it is where I drive from Oklahoma to L.A., following the route that Steinbeck’s Joad family took. There was a drought in Oklahoma last summer. I thought, well, let’s just drive along 66, or parallel to 66, and see what it’s like now. It’s stunning, what you find. I think much of the mainstream media misses this. One of the most amazing things was to find a homeless encampment in Albuquerque, which, of course, was set up—again, there’s always this parallel—for people who maybe had drug and alcohol problems. But now, what do the people running it say? The people coming in are the American middle class, people who have been running a branch of McDonald’s, holding down a decent managerial job, two weeks later, homeless, jobless and sleeping on the floor with 80-odd people they don’t know.
<START VIDEO CLIP OF MASON AT HOMELESS ENCAMPMENT>
PAUL MASON – Normally, the families who come here are coping with drink, drugs, domestic violence. But now there’s a new kind of customer: the American middle class.
LARRY ANTISTA – I’m Larry Antista. This is my daughter Michelle. We’re here because of the economic times. My spouse took off on us, and that cut our income in half, and we lost our place. And here we are.
PAUL MASON – They’ve been living like this for three months. He’s a truck driver by trade, but he can’t find work. So he works for his welfare payments: $300 a month. Michelle, aged 14, is still at school.
Do the people at school know where you sleep every night?
MICHELLE ANTISTA – No, not really.
PAUL MASON – You don’t tell them?
MICHELLE ANTISTA – No.
PAUL MASON – Why?
MICHELLE ANTISTA – They didn’t ask, so I figure, don’t tell them.
PAUL MASON – So you don’t show up as homeless even in the school statistics?
LARRY ANTISTA – No.
MICHELLE ANTISTA – No.
PAUL MASON – Do the sort of rich of America, really—and the media, really understand that every night thousands of people are bedding down like this?
LARRY ANTISTA – No.
MICHELLE ANTISTA – No.
PAUL MASON – What would you say to them, if you could speak to them right now?
MICHELLE ANTISTA – If they could live just like one day of, like, our lives, they’d see how hard it is and, like, how good they have it. Because a lot of them complain about what they got, which is really dumb.
<END CLIP>
The Greek bailout is a way of protecting the banking system
It’s hard not to see the Greek bailout as a way of protecting the European banking system. It’s hard not to read that report as, yet again, a decision to bail out banks and bankrupt countries, because don’t forget this: the financial markets at the moment are focused on Greece and Europe.
Greeks today. Americans next because you’re $14 trillion in debt
At the moment that is solved, they will focus on your country, because you are $14 trillion in debt, and there are—there is doubt about whether your institutions can one day deliver the austerity that those financial markets will demand to make that debt stable.
Where are the stories about how life is going to get better? We’re is for years of discontent
So I think, look, that the underpinnings of this new global unrest are that from Cairo to Greece to New York to Albuquerque, people are sick of seeing the rich get richer during a crisis. That’s what they’re sick of. And until we start hearing solutions, both at the grassroots level and at the top level in politics, that go beyond that, that explain to us what the new story is about capitalism, these unrests, these revolutions, the unrest, the protests, I think, will go on, because it is about a generation that doesn’t know what the story is anymore. What is the story about how my life is going to get better? Once you do that, and then you add in networking and technology and the ability to express oneself and move around the mainstream media, you’re in for years, I think, of discontent.
Greece is in a death spiral. It shows what can happen if you lose control of your debt
Nobody believes the most optimistic scenario. I mean, look, they’re in what economists call a death spiral. So, the economy is shrinking, and the debt is getting bigger. Of course, Greece has had a big debt write-off, and that is tangible. That’s real and material, and it will be welcome. But as they try to implement the austerity, I think most observers think they can’t do it. And if they did, it will produce a deep recession that will make the lives of the people I saw on those streets very angry, very dislocated from politics, even more harsh, and they will get even angrier, if not despairing. Some are already beyond the anger stage. Some are in a state of just individual despair. Greece is an extreme, an outlier, but it does—of course, it does show what happens if you let your debt get out of control. It also shows what happens if you think—if you only see austerity as the solution to indebtedness.
RELATED READING
Forbes review of Paul Mason’s new book, Why It’s Kicking Off Everywhere: The New Global Revolutions
Fair Use Notice: This blog, Citizen Action Monitor, may contain copyrighted material that may not have been specifically authorized by the copyright owner. Such material, published without profit, is made available for educational purposes, to advance understanding of human rights, democracy, scientific, moral, ethical, and social justice issues. It is published in accordance with the provisions of the 2004 Supreme Court of Canada ruling and its six principle criteria for evaluating fair dealing.
